An Overview of Internal Control

Effective internal controls are critical for the success and sustainability of any organization. They help assure stakeholders that the company operates responsibly and ethically and that its financial statements are reliable and accurate in accordance with accounting regulations (e.g., Sarbanes-Oxley Act). Furthermore, it’s essential to regularly review and update internal controls to ensure they remain relevant and valuable.

Advantages

There are several advantages to having internal control, including:

Detection of Errors and Frauds

One of the vital control procedures that can help detect errors and fraud is the segregation of duties. It involves assigning different tasks to different employees, which helps to prevent any single employee from having too much control over a particular process.

For example, one employee may be responsible for recording transactions, while another is responsible for reconciling bank statements. This way, if one employee makes an error or tries to commit fraud, it is more likely to be detected by the other employee.

Time Efficiency

An auditor may perform testing, checking, or sampling transactions to verify book entries’ accuracy and reliability. As a result, he can finish his auditing tasks and create financial statements within the designated timeframe.

Operational Efficiency

The use of this system promotes accountability, accuracy, and reliability in work performance while reducing inefficiency, fraud, and theft. Additionally, this system allows for the evaluation of employee performance by management. And all of these elements contribute to improving the organization’s overall operational efficiency.

Disadvantages

Meanwhile, when implementing internal controls, it’s essential to consider certain limitations that may impact their effectiveness. The following are some examples:

Collusion

Many businesses implement segregating duties as an internal control measure to prevent fraud by ensuring that no single employee has excessive power. However, employees can collaborate and use a complex process to conceal fraudulent activities.

Human Error

Human error can impact internal controls, mainly involving manual processes and judgment calls. Manual inventory counts may lead to inaccuracies, and internal audit outcomes may be affected by poor judgment. Implementing automated systems will ensure consistency and minimize human error risk.

Unforeseen Circumstances

A company’s management establishes internal controls to identify and prevent or reduce potential hazards. However, management can’t predict all possible challenges or occurrences. Random variables or circumstances may affect the effectiveness of internal controls.

Moreover, the cost of controlling unusual conditions may outweigh the benefits, leading a management team to accept the risk instead. As a result, it can restrict the effectiveness of internal controls in certain situations.

Examples

Listed below are some examples of internal controls that organizations can implement in their operations:

• Segregation of Duties – Task delegation is a risk reduction method involving dividing work duties among multiple individuals.
• Physical Controls – Assets are physically secured using locks, safes, or environmental controls to restrict access to authorized personnel.
• Reconciliations – This ensures the accuracy of transaction details and proper recording across different individuals’ records. Examples include reconciling bank statements to check register/records and balancing cash on hand to sales or transaction activity on cash register totals.
• Policies and Procedures – The organization should have established policies, procedures, and documentation available at all levels to ensure consistent quality performance. It includes both departmental and organization-wide guidelines.
• Transaction and Activity Reviews – Reviews of various reports, such as transaction, operating, and summary reports, help monitor performance, identify trends, and detect problems. An example of a specific review would be examining budget statements to compare actual expenses, analyzing telecommunication call activity reports for personal calls, and reviewing employee time cards.
• Information Processing Controls – Data processing involves internal controls to ensure transaction accuracy, completeness, and authorization. The data is verified by comparing it to control files, checking numerical sequences, and comparing file totals to previous balances and control accounts.

Types of Internal Controls

The two fundamental internal controls are preventive and detective. A comprehensive internal control system should include both types, each fulfilling a distinct function. Let’s take a closer look at each:

Preventive Controls

Preventive controls can reduce the likelihood of errors and fraud by focusing on the separation of duties. They’re an integral component of quality management because they involve a proactive strategy to ensure quality.

The following are examples of preventive controls:

• Separation of duties
• A preapproval of actions or transactions (e.g., travel authorization)
• Controls over access (e.g., passwords authentication)
• Control of physical assets (e.g., locks on doors, safes for cash, checks)
• Assessments and training for employees

Detective Controls

Detective controls identify errors or issues that may have occurred post-transaction. They are essential in proving that preventive controls function correctly and offer the chance to uncover any abnormalities afterward.

The following are examples of detective controls:

• Reconciling departmental transactions every month
• Checking for any unexpected differences between the budget and the organization’s performance
• Counting physical inventory (e.g., cash or product inventory)

Components

There are five components to an internal control system. Let’s examine each and how it contributes to internal control.

Control Environment

In a company, the culture is built and set from the top down by the board of directors and top management, which employees must follow. The control environment plays a critical role in providing support to the other internal control components.

Risk Assessment

Periodic risk assessments help organizations identify and analyze potential risks that may impact their ability to achieve their goals and objectives. The results are utilized to pinpoint areas that require prioritization and implementation of internal controls.

Information and Communication

Efficient systems and processes should facilitate the identification, capture, and exchange of information on time, allowing individuals to perform their duties effectively. In cases where information is not easily accessible, employees may attempt to bypass internal controls to streamline operations.

Control Activities

They’re the policies and procedures an organization implements to achieve its objectives. These actions prevent or detect errors, fraud, or other irregularities in the organization’s operations. Control activities are an essential component of internal control because they provide the necessary safeguards to protect the organization’s assets and ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting.

Monitoring

Monitoring is essential to internal control as it allows businesses to ensure that their internal control system functions effectively. It involves the ongoing assessment of the internal control system to identify any weaknesses or deficiencies that need to be addressed. It also involves regularly reviewing financial statements and other key performance indicators to ensure accuracy and reliability.

Evaluating Internal Controls Deficiencies

Given the growing complexity of business operations, identifying and assessing internal control deficiencies can pose a challenge for companies and external auditors. The following tips can help you evaluate internal control deficiencies:

Assess the Control Environment

The control environment is crucial to evaluating internal control deficiencies. It serves as the basis for internal control and impacts employee behavior. A company that prioritizes a robust control environment operates with integrity and ethical values, attracting and retaining competent employees responsible for their internal control duties.

Evaluate Risk Assessment

Thorough risk analysis is vital to effective internal controls. To manage risks, organizations must identify potential obstacles to achieving their objectives. In connection with this, fraud is one of the most common risk areas organizations must consider. Auditing, risk, and compliance professionals can evaluate a company’s risk assessment strategy to ensure that internal controls prevent fraud.

Investigate Control Activities

Effective controls are essential for an organization, but policies and procedures must also be in place to manage risks and achieve objectives. Internal control encompasses activities such as performance reviews, segregation of duties, and electronic safeguards like two-factor authentication. Having control activities that minimize the risk of fraud and error indicates a sound control environment.

Examine Information and Communication Systems

High-quality internal communications are necessary for supporting internal controls. It’s essential to review the organization’s information and communication systems, particularly the accounting information system, to ensure accurate and efficient reporting.

Analyze Monitoring Activities

An organization that regularly evaluates its internal controls can reduce risks to an acceptable level. The frequency and quality of monitoring activities determine the effectiveness of an organization in managing financial risk. Consistent monitoring, assessing, and corrective action for internal control deficiencies lead to tremendous success in risk management.